What are the DSA Anode Applications in the Electrochemistry Field?

What are the DSA Anode Applications in the Electrochemistry Field?

“dimensionally stable anode” (DSA) anodes are titanium anodes coated with mixed metal oxide elements such as platinum group metals, iridium, ruthenium, platinum, rhodium, tantalum, etc. The electrochemical performance and lifetime of the DSA  anode could be determined by the electrode production method such as the pre-treatment of titanium surface, coating thickness, the optimal composition of novel metal oxide, and heat treatment.
  
Dimensionally stable anodes (DSAs) are used in a number of important industrial applications and have found a wide application in chlorine gas production, for example, Chlor-alkali and sodium chlorate production, since their introduction in the late 1960s. These anodes proved to override the shortcomings of the previously used magnetite and graphite electrodes which had high overvoltage and had a tendency to degrade during the process. The life of DSA electrodes in chlorine evolution is claimed to be up to 10 years.

Recently, there has been a marked increase in the use of DSA anodes in the field of oxygen evolution processes. DSA electrodes have also found application in oxygen reduction, organic oxidation (fuel cells and air batteries), electroplating, non-degradable wastewater treatment, seawater purification, and molten salt electrolysis.