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Why Lead Dioxide Anode is Used in Effluent Treatment? With increasing legislative regulation, effluents should be fully treated before discharge into rivers, lakes, or the sea, there have been extensive studies of the electrolytic mineralisation of organic compounds with a particular focus on compounds that are toxic or resistant to biological treatments. It is widely believed that complete mineralisation occurs by mechanisms dominated by oxygen transfer and adsorbed or free OH radicals rather than direct electron transfer from the

Application of Lead Dioxide Anodes for Oxygen Evolving Actions Lead dioxide anodes have been widely used as oxygen evolving counter electrodes in a sulfuric acid electrolyte free of halide ions. Its main application is the electrowinning of copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. The technology is designed to permit easy removal of the metal after deposition on the cathode. The metals are refined in open tank cells with parallel, alternate lines of cathode and anode plates; for copper, the tanks are similar in size to a swimming poo

The Coating Adhesion of Lead Dioxide Anode on Titanium Substrate Titanium is the usual substrate for lead dioxide anode. Adhesion of the PbO2 coating to titanium is, however, a problem. Certainly, the titanium, usually in the form of a plate or expanded metal mesh, must be pretreated before the anodic plating process in order to remove the existing TiO2 scale from the surface and roughen the surface and prevent passivation. This pretreatment commonly involves, first sandblasting, then an alkaline degrease followed by etching in hea

What Anodes are Used for Hard Chrome Plating? Traditional anode for hard chrome plating is made of special lead alloys. Pure lead anodes are attacked by the solution and cause the formation of excessive amounts of lead chromate sludge. A typical alloy is a lead-tin alloy. When the length and weight of the anode is a problem, anodes are usually lead antimony. Tin-lead anodes have better conductivity and last longer, but antimony-lead anodes are more rigid. Anodes used in high fluoride baths should use the tin-lead alloy, as antim