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Why Ruthenium Coated Titanium Anodes are Best for Cl2 Evolution? In Cl2 production, an aqueous solution of about 30% brine (NaCl), having a pH of 2-4 and a temperature of 75-90oC is usually circulated through the electrochemical cells. A direct electric current is passed through the brine to discharge Cl2 at the coated titanium anode. O2 evolution, as in many anodic processes, is an unavoidable side reaction occurring at the anode with Cl2.   RuO2-TiO2 coated titanium electrodes are among the best anodes for Cl2 evolution f

What are the Causes for the Passivation of MMO Coated Titanium Anodes? Passivation failure is caused by the formation of a nonconductive oxide layer at the substrate/ coating interface resulting in increased resistance of the electrode and passivation of the interface. There are several causes for the passivation of MMO coated titanium anode. For porous coatings, oxygenated species are able to penetrate to the underlying titanium substrate causing the formation of TiO2 at the substrate/coating interface. This causes an ohmic drop

The Performance of RuO2 and IrO2 Coating in Electrolysis Process Dissolution of the electrocatalytic coating can lead to electrode failure. An Increase in the anode current density due to partial removal/wear of coating from the substrate is dissolution. The pH of electrolytes and electrolyte impurities also influences coating dissolution. In highly oxidizing environments, RuO2 is unstable and tends to oxidize to higher oxidation states. In acidic electrolytes, RuO2 tends to oxidize to soluble RuO3 or volatil

Why the Stability of Coated Titanium Anode is Important? The need for a stable electrode for the chlorine-alkali industry led to the invention of the coated titanium anode, and so the importance of electrode coating stability can not be overemphasized. The stability of an electrode may be defined in terms of its lifetime. It measures the time it takes for the coated oxide electrode to be deactivated or fail in the electrolysis cell. For coated titanium anodes, stability is the ability of the electrode to function effectively in the