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The Characters of Titanium Metal Titanium and titanium alloys are attractive metallic materials widely used as implants for dental, restorations, and orthodontic wires, as well as orthopedic due to their excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Titanium and its alloys present a high corrosion resistance even in very aggressive environments containing strong acidic electrolytes. This aspect is related to their inherent nature to form spontaneously dense barrier-type titanium dioxide (TiO2), which is chemically very stabl

Why Lead Dioxide Anode is Used in Effluent Treatment? With increasing legislative regulation, effluents should be fully treated before discharge into rivers, lakes, or the sea, there have been extensive studies of the electrolytic mineralisation of organic compounds with a particular focus on compounds that are toxic or resistant to biological treatments. It is widely believed that complete mineralisation occurs by mechanisms dominated by oxygen transfer and adsorbed or free OH radicals rather than direct electron transfer from the

Application of Lead Dioxide Anodes for Oxygen Evolving Actions Lead dioxide anodes have been widely used as oxygen evolving counter electrodes in a sulfuric acid electrolyte free of halide ions. Its main application is the electrowinning of copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium. The technology is designed to permit easy removal of the metal after deposition on the cathode. The metals are refined in open tank cells with parallel, alternate lines of cathode and anode plates; for copper, the tanks are similar in size to a swimming poo

The Coating Adhesion of Lead Dioxide Anode on Titanium Substrate Titanium is the usual substrate for lead dioxide anode. Adhesion of the PbO2 coating to titanium is, however, a problem. Certainly, the titanium, usually in the form of a plate or expanded metal mesh, must be pretreated before the anodic plating process in order to remove the existing TiO2 scale from the surface and roughen the surface and prevent passivation. This pretreatment commonly involves, first sandblasting, then an alkaline degrease followed by etching in hea