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How Reversed Electrodes are Used for Hard Water Treatment? In water treatment process, calcium and magnesium deposits build-up on the cathode. Over time, the deposits can cause increases in the operating cell voltage, thus decreasing cell efficiency. Various techniques have been proposed for the removal of the cathode scale deposits from hard water treatment systems. The technique of polarities of the electrodes are periodically reversed in the hard water treatment system is used commercially though it has its own challenge

How Coated Titanium Electrodes are Used in Electrochemical Water Disinfection Coated titanium anodes have been used for electrochemical water disinfection of domestic (drinking and swimming pool chlorination) and industrial water. The disinfecting agents like hypochlorite ions and hypochlorous acid can be generated on-site in the electrochemical process, which avoids the storage and transporting of hazardous materials like chlorine gas. Electrochemical water disinfection is based on the chloride content in the water to generate

Why Ruthenium Coated Titanium Anodes are Best for Cl2 Evolution? In Cl2 production, an aqueous solution of about 30% brine (NaCl), having a pH of 2-4 and a temperature of 75-90oC is usually circulated through the electrochemical cells. A direct electric current is passed through the brine to discharge Cl2 at the coated titanium anode. O2 evolution, as in many anodic processes, is an unavoidable side reaction occurring at the anode with Cl2.   RuO2-TiO2 coated titanium electrodes are among the best anodes for Cl2 evolution f

What are the Causes for the Passivation of MMO Coated Titanium Anodes? Passivation failure is caused by the formation of a nonconductive oxide layer at the substrate/ coating interface resulting in increased resistance of the electrode and passivation of the interface. There are several causes for the passivation of MMO coated titanium anode. For porous coatings, oxygenated species are able to penetrate to the underlying titanium substrate causing the formation of TiO2 at the substrate/coating interface. This causes an ohmic drop