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How Coated Titanium Electrodes are Used in Electrochemical Water Disinfection Coated titanium anodes have been used for electrochemical water disinfection of domestic (drinking and swimming pool chlorination) and industrial water. The disinfecting agents like hypochlorite ions and hypochlorous acid can be generated on-site in the electrochemical process, which avoids the storage and transporting of hazardous materials like chlorine gas. Electrochemical water disinfection is based on the chloride content in the water to generate

Why Ruthenium Coated Titanium Anodes are Best for Cl2 Evolution? In Cl2 production, an aqueous solution of about 30% brine (NaCl), having a pH of 2-4 and a temperature of 75-90oC is usually circulated through the electrochemical cells. A direct electric current is passed through the brine to discharge Cl2 at the coated titanium anode. O2 evolution, as in many anodic processes, is an unavoidable side reaction occurring at the anode with Cl2.   RuO2-TiO2 coated titanium electrodes are among the best anodes for Cl2 evolution f

What are the Causes for the Passivation of MMO Coated Titanium Anodes? Passivation failure is caused by the formation of a nonconductive oxide layer at the substrate/ coating interface resulting in increased resistance of the electrode and passivation of the interface. There are several causes for the passivation of MMO coated titanium anode. For porous coatings, oxygenated species are able to penetrate to the underlying titanium substrate causing the formation of TiO2 at the substrate/coating interface. This causes an ohmic drop

The Performance of RuO2 and IrO2 Coating in Electrolysis Process Dissolution of the electrocatalytic coating can lead to electrode failure. An Increase in the anode current density due to partial removal/wear of coating from the substrate is dissolution. The pH of electrolytes and electrolyte impurities also influences coating dissolution. In highly oxidizing environments, RuO2 is unstable and tends to oxidize to higher oxidation states. In acidic electrolytes, RuO2 tends to oxidize to soluble RuO3 or volatil