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What Are the Advantages of Dimensionally Stable Anodes Compared with Graphite Anodes? Electro-catalyst enables the electron transfer reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface with substantial energy savings. The total energy consumption in the chloro-alkali process is proportional to the total cell voltage, including the thermodynamic potential of anodic and cathodic reactions, electrode over potential, and an ohmic drop from the electrolyte, membrane, and bubble effect, etc.   The electrode upon which oxidation occu

The Problems of Lead Anodes in Copper Electrowinning Historically, lead anodes are used in copper electrowinning due to lead's abundance, good conductivity, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. The corrosion resistance of these anodes is a product of the formation of PbO2 via PbSO4 under oxidative conditions during electrowinning. This passivation layer is attributed to the added benefit of self-regeneration in the event of a short circuit between electrodes. Pb-Ca-Sn and Pb-Sr-Sn anodes were developed to replace P

The Problems of Lead Alloys(Pb-Ag Anode) in the Electrowinning of Zinc The electrolytic production of zinc is normally operated at a higher (than copper) current density of about 500 A m-2. The Pb-Ca-Sn anodes are not suitable for use at this high current as it will lead to high energy consumption. Tin cannot be used as an alloying element because it will dissolve into the electrolyte and reduce the cathode current efficiency in addition to contaminating the cathode zinc. Instead, lead alloys containing 0.45 to 1% silver (Pb-Ag

 How Pb-Ca-Sn Anodes Are Used in the Electrowinning of Copper? The classical anode used in copper electrowinning is lead alloyed with 6-10% antimony (Pb-Sb anode). Antimony in lead alloys offers advantages of improved mechanical properties, uniform grain structures, and ease in conventional casting. However, the inadequate electrochemical and corrosion properties are a disadvantage of Pb-Sb anodes. A reduction in the antimony content of the alloys decreases the mechanical properties markedly. On the other hand, increasing the